The Grapes Of Independence By John Steinbeck - 1489 Words

The Grapes of Independence An image or a thousand words, which is more impacting? For decades now enthusiasts have participated in endless debates over films and novels. Whether it be a novel that is adapted into a film or a film that is converted into a novel, neither of the works will be an exact image of the other. Often the first piece will obtain mass amounts of popularity, thus influencing the production of itself in the opposing format; however, the mass majority of these occurrences end with a subpar recreation that is abhorred by fans. The Grapes of Wrath, on the other hand, was highly renowned and won awards as both a novel and a film. John Steinbeck published his novel in April of 1939, and it won the Pulitzer Prize and the†¦show more content†¦However, the seemingly slightest alterations fabricate the largest variations. When adapting a lengthy novel into a film, directors find it rather onerous to include all the details from the original. Ford was presented wit h the same obstacle during the production of his film. Due to such occurrences, rather than creating a six-hour film, the only recourse was to desert certain material. As seen in The Grapes of Wrath, the scenes followed the same scheme as the novel, but a number of happenings were left absent from the film. This editing, as described in Shared Class Files, â€Å"can compress time or extend time.† Ford’s adaptation deleted Steinbeck’s interchapters and animal scenes from the production. Ma’s prominent speech of man was an addition and a divergent ending was even incorporated for the refashioned story in the film. Although the movements, removal and alterations of these segments allow the production to maintain the same subject, the primary messages, themes, and focus points undergo similar adjustments alongside the scenes. Similar tales of struggle, one leans to the left and the other leans to the right. One speaks of the lives of a family, while the other speaks about the entity of mankind. These are the circumstances that separate Steinbeck and Ford’s two compositions of The Grapes of Wrath. Within the novel, interchapters can be found thatShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Life Journey of John Steinbeck 1264 Words   |  6 PagesThe Life Journey of John Steinbeck Every great writer had their own influences, John Steinbeck was no exception. Steinbeck’s influences cam from family, friends, and his environment to write detailed descriptions to involve or influence the reader. Whenever someone reads one of John Steinbeck’s works they are in immersed in the scene he is describing, he makes you feel as if you are right there experiencing everything there first hand. 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Her relationships with Pa, her daughter Rose of Sharon, and even herself all convey different elements of an extraordinary leader and an amazing mother. Ma and Pa’s relationship throughout The Grapes of Wrath defies the ideaRead MoreBlack Boy And The Grapes Of Wrath Analysis1728 Words   |  7 Pagesand pregnant virgins. What more could you want? Well, you might want to escape poverty. Logically, your next question is: can religion accomplish this task? And according to Richard Wright and John Steinbeck, the answer is a resounding â€Å"no.† Wright and Steinbeck, pump their books, Black Boy and The Grapes of Wrath, respectively, full of biblical allusions to demonstrate that religion is ineffective at addressing the issues of the indigent because teleological narratives, when applied to materialRead MoreStruggle for Survival in the Grapes of Wrath2273 Words   |  10 PagesStruggle for Survival in The Grapes of Wrath The 1930s were a time of hardship for many across the United States. Not only was the Great Depression making it difficult for families to eat every day, but the Dust Bowl swept through the plains states making it nearly impossible to farm the land in which they relied. John Steinbeck saw how the Dust Bowl affected farmers, primarily the tenant farmers, and journeyed to California after droves of families. These families were dispossessed from the farmsRead MoreThe Grapes Of Wrath And Of Mice And Men1644 Words   |  7 PagesJarvis Johnson Research Paper John Steinbeck is an American author of 27 books, widely known for award winning novels, The Grapes of Wrath and Of Mice and Men; Steinbeck is also a Nobel Prize winning of Literature. Steinbeck’s writing expresses realistic and creative thoughts, combining as they do compassionate comedy (through Lennie) and intense social perception with their surrounding national culture. 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Motivation Working In Groups Education Essay Free Essays

string(100) " and the scheme adopted by the pupil is to make at the most what is required to accomplish his end\." Abstraction The planetary competitory environment is witnessing a new displacement where more and more companies are forming their activities and undertakings around groups. Bing able to work efficaciously in a group is now considered a important demand for any employee. This write up inside informations my motive behind fall ining a Masters class in direction at the Bangor Business School and how this is assisting me to smooth my accomplishments as an effectual group member and a future director. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Working In Groups Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now This piece of work besides identifies assorted issues faced when working in groups and simple solutions that can be applied to antagonize these booby traps to maximise end products. MOTIVATION FOR JOINING A POSTGRADUATE PROGRAM IN MANAGEMENT The undergraduate plan in Commerce at Bishop Heaber College Trichy, India introduced me to a broad scope of subjects in my nucleus topic such as economic sciences, statistics and mathematics. The commercialism course of study non merely inculcated a high grade of job resolution and analytical accomplishments in the nucleus field but besides gave me a opportunity to briefly explore other practical concern spheres such as direction, finance, selling, accounting and jurisprudence. These subjects are extremely relevant in the current economic scenario and it is really interesting to look into how the interplay of assorted forces thrusts planetary growing. What fascinated me most was the fact that many of the theoretical subjects in direction have profound practical public-service corporation and when applied to assorted jobs these guarantee of import procedure and merchandise betterments. In order to carry through my dream of going a high-tech concern adviser, I decided to fall in a postgraduate plan in Management at a reputed university that would supply me with ample chances in footings of growing, personally every bit good as professionally. Harmonizing to McClelland ‘s Theory of Needs motive depends on three demands – Accomplishment, power and association ( McClelland, 1961 A ; 1975 ) . These 3 factors were instrumental in actuating me to fall in a postgraduate plan and work towards accomplishing my ends. THE BANGOR BUSINESS SCHOOL: A GLOBAL PLATFORM The following challenge that I faced was to calculate out a university that would run into my criterions and demands and would turn out cardinal to my success in future enterprises. After a thorough research, I zeroed down on the Bangor Business School at the Bangor University. Harmonizing to Clayton Alderfer ‘s ERG Theory, being, relatedness and growing are the three chief factors that motivate people for fall ining an organisation. My determination of fall ining the Bangor University was based on these three factors as this university provides personal attending to pupils, offers chances that pupils can associate to and nowadayss ample infinite to turn ( Alderfer, 1969 ) . The Bangor concern school provides a overplus of classs in direction with a extremely trained staff and coactions worldwide with the industry supplying first-class future chances. The fact that this concern school has been late rated by the Research Assessment Exercise ( RAE ) as the best in UK for accounting and finance farther strengthened my determination of fall ining this university ( Bangor, Homepage, 2010 ) . In recent yesteryear, the university staff was responsible for transporting out extremely acclaimed consultancy undertakings for authorities and non-government organisations with assorted publications in the prima diaries. The Bangor concern school provides abundant chances for heightening and developing competences in direction. Besides, in order to go a successful adviser I require custodies on experience and cognition of planetary concern, foreign markets and competition with a thorough apprehension of planetary forces and concern schemes. Bangor, through its coaction with foreign companies and universities provides sufficient exposure in the planetary domain, both practically every bit good as technically. Students AT BANGOR BUSINESS SCHOOL Another factor that attracted me towards the Bangor concern school apart from the module and installations was the pupils. As the college undertakes merely a limited figure of extremely qualified pupils who are selected after stiff competition, quality of pupils is the kernel of this university. The chief advantages offered by this layout include: Fewer figure of pupils enrolled guarantee that an first-class resonance is developed with all the members of the class. This helps in interchanging rich cognition and expertness from assorted subjects such as humanistic disciplines, commercialism, jurisprudence, scientific discipline, concern disposal, selling, etc. amongst different pupils. The familiarity, good will and contacts built during the continuance of the class prove to be really effectual and of import in the long tally when different pupils join different industries at assorted profiles. These pupils have varied positions and backgrounds and sharing this enormously helps in bettering any professional. Therefore, interacting with this creme de la creme was a large motive for fall ining the Bangor University. APPROACHES TOWARDS LEARNING Determining an appropriate and contributing attack towards larning is indispensible to the procedure of deriving cognition. Harmonizing to Biggs A ; Telfer ( 1987 ) , the chief attacks undertaken by pupils comprise of two elements – Motivation and Strategy. Based on this, he identified three chief attacks adopted by pupils. These were the Surface Approach, the Deep Approach and the Achieving Approach. Surface Approach: In the Surface Approach, positive and negative extrinsic motivations play a critical function and pupil ‘s scheme is to try the least to go through a topic. In the procedure he renders himself inefficient of understanding the significance of what he has learned and the interplay of factors because the motivation is superficial and he has no personal involvement in what he is making. Deep Approach: In the Deep Approach, motivation is an intrinsic wonder to larn things and the scheme undertaken by the pupil is one of personal committedness towards larning. In the procedure he comprehends and understands things in the best possible mode, attempts to co-relate things learned with past experiences and accomplishes the chief undertaking of analyzing. Achieving Approach: In the Achieving Approach, the motivation is to accomplish a peculiar end such as high classs and the scheme adopted by the pupil is to make at the most what is required to accomplish his end. You read "Motivation Working In Groups Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" MY Approach TOWARDS LEARNING During my full pupil life I have ever strived towards deriving a deep cognition of each topic that I studied. In the competitory universe that a professional faces one time that he comes out of the college, a strong foundation is required if he wishes to boom and turn. Hence, when I joined the Bangor University my chief motive was to construct a strong and deep apprehension of assorted topics, variables and subjects of direction. Influence OF THE BANGOR BUSINESS SCHOOL ON MY APPROACH TOWARDS LEARNING In 2001, Biggs described two chief influences that shape a pupil ‘s attack towards larning – Personal factors and Teaching. These are described below: Personal factors such as background, upbringing or personality may hold a positive or negative consequence on the pupil and may motivate him towards developing a Surface Approach or a Deep Approach. Teaching: Conventional learning methods such as everyday scrutinies, clip force per unit area, taging strategies, detainment, etc. lead pupils towards developing a Surface Approach of larning. On the other manus, newer learning methods such as instance surveies, activities, tutorials, job resolution, flexible rating systems, etc. promote pupils towards developing a Deep Approach. At Bangor, the module believes in an synergistic instruction manner where the pupil is free to inquire inquiries and is encouraged to believe out of the box. In fact the techniques employed have molded assorted pupils from being Surface attacks to Deep attacks. This procedure has been accelerated by advancing student-student interactions that result in an exchange of expertness and in bend actuating pupils to travel for an in-depth analysis of assorted jobs and issues. In short, the unique and latest learning methods employed at Bangor have helped direction pupils in developing a strong apprehension of assorted direction related subjects such as Problem Solving and Decision Making, Planning, Delegation, Internal Communications, Meeting Management, Leading, Coordinating and Controlling, Pull offing Self, Managing Stress, etc. ( McNamara, 2010 ) . These methods provide a alone environment where the pupils contribute towards the growing of each other therefore maintaining one and all motivated. Simultaneously, the university achieves the primary end of instruction by heightening the acquisition ambiance of pupils and by increasing the efficiency of the module. UNITY IN DIVERSITY As discussed earlier, Bangor demonstrates a broad scope of diverseness by uniting different people from different parts with different academic backgrounds as one large group. As a portion of the MBA course of study, many times pupils are required to be grouped harmonizing to activities, instance surveies or undertakings assigned to the category. This brings the subject of working in groups. Harmonizing to Robbins ( 2004, pp:219 ) : â€Å" A Group is defined as two or more persons, interacting and mutualist, who have come together to accomplish peculiar aims † . Working in groups can be either pleasant or hard or at times both. On the brighter side, uniting people with heterogenous backgrounds and experiences ensures best consequences in footings of value add-on to the batch. Students demonstrate a high degree of originative thought, solutions design and job work outing guaranting better end products. The kineticss achieved by this theoretical account guarantees a healthy ambiance within the campus and pupils staying positively competitory. POSITIVE ASPECTS OF WORKING IN GROUPS In Management classs, pupils are divided into groups to accomplish assorted motivations which in bend help them in deriving a competitory border when they venture out in the industry. A individual who works good in a group is in all possibility traveling to be an first-class squad worker when he joins an organisation. Assorted positive results achieved by working in groups are described below: When pupils work in groups they draw on each others knowledge and expertise to accomplish better consequences. This is due to the fact that a multiple sentiment is ever better than a individual sentiment as it shows heterogeneousness and avoids prejudice. Group working achieves best consequences for rating studies such as instance studies, reappraisals and reviews, research undertakings such as those that entail primary and secondary research and little undertakings that involve an statement such as a argument. Students working in groups besides make the best of the available strengths within the group. For e.g. in a written undertaking, one of the members who has an first-class bid on vocabulary can compose the paper whereas other who has an expertness in the linguistic communication can proofread. Working in groups makes pupils responsible as they work coherently to accomplish a common undertaking and in the procedure maintain actuating each other to execute better. While working in groups there is a least possibility for members to stall. Group working ensures that single manners ever come to the head supplying enhanced consequences. Press FACTORS ON GROUP WORKING Group working is governed by assorted pressing factors such as efficiency of members, degree of struggle, external conditions, procedures, internal communicating, etc. These factors give rise to assorted issues within the group ( Goodman, 1987 ) . Group work is seldom perfect and one is expected to meet a broad scope of issues and jobs when working in groups. For any direction pupil to be effectual it is really of import that he uses solutions design and advanced schemes for antagonizing these issues. What remains indispensable is the fact that whatever 1 does, he should non ache or pique other group members. Few issues associated with working in groups along with executable solutions will be discussed in the undermentioned paragraphs. Working IN GROUPS: ISSUES A ; SOLUTIONS I ) Disagreement Disagreement and following a collaborative working manner are the biggest issues when working in a group. Each person in the group should understand that the basic thought of the course of study behind transfusing a collaborative working manner is the fact that thoughts will be challenged to accomplish better consequences and a struggle is non ever bad ( Schellhardt, 1994 ) . There are opportunities that other members of the group might come up with thoughts that are right or more relevant and can be supported by grounds. In order to stay competitory in such a scenario one should promote dissension to measure the strength of 1s ain thoughts and to research other possible options. A collaborative working manner should be promoted in the group to antagonize dissension. Collaborative manner has assorted paradigms associated with it. These include stating non merely what to make in the group but besides activities required for carry throughing a peculiar undertaking i.e. how to accomplish desired consequences. Collaboration is most fruitful when a certain degree of formality is introduced in the group behaviour such as everyday meetings and advancement sheets and by maintaining the group ‘s involvement before personal 1s. Another step to antagonize dissension is to be ready to compromise. This means that each member of the group should be ready to listen and suit each others sentiment and forfeit or modify his ain theories in the visible radiation of cognition and grounds. Encouraging dissension, as discussed above, is really effectual but what should be understood is the fact that groups that merely differ do non stay functional. Therefore, it is really of import to equilibrate the 2 forces of dissension. As per Robbins ( 2004 ) a working group is non an unorganised crowd but should hold a construction and most significantly a leader or a captain or a go-between. Therefore, a go-between or chair individual can be assigned for each meeting who will listen to all the parties and come up with concluding indifferent recommendations. All groups have specific norms that are established early to guarantee smooth operation ( Hackman, 1992 ) . Discussion regulations such as no personal onslaughts can be decided early in the procedure. Group behavior encourages people to develop a critical attack towards inquiries which proves to be an advantage in existent universe puting where an person is confronted with assorted pressing issues and jobs. II ) DIVISION OF WORK Division of work Division of work and duties is indispensible to the success of working in groups. Undertakings should be divided in such a manner that all resources are adequately utilised without over burthening any specific person. The existent undertaking can be broken down into smaller sub-tasks and each sub-task can be assigned to one individual. Care must be taken to guarantee that sub-tasks should be divided harmonizing to single strengths. For e.g. a individual good at proofreading can be assigned for proofreading and one good at forming should be assigned to forming informations and concluding end product. Furthermore, interpersonal accomplishments are a deciding factor for high public presentation and members should show and larn these from each other to better their competences ( Stevens A ; Campion, 1994 ) . Therefore, to maximise the use of resources work should be delegated harmonizing to the strengths and expertness of group members. III ) SOCIAL Idleness Covering with Slackers is another issue in group working. This phenomenon called as Social Loafing ( Comer, 1995 ) refers to the inclination of people to work less when working in groups. Normally persons on a individual undertaking are uniformly graded hence go forthing a large room for one or more members to go dawdlers. To cover with this state of affairs, regulations should be laid down at the start itself. These can be simple penalties such as if a member does non go to a meeting without any specific ground he would purchase a Burger for everyone in the group to harsh 1s such as non including the name of the individual on the concluding study. Usually group members end up making excess work because they do non take shirkers to undertaking and do non talk their head. On the contrary, such sentiments and issues should be flagged at the earliest in the group. IV ) RESPECT FOR INDIVIDUAL Another chief issue associated with working in groups is keeping regard for persons. The image becomes hard when one or more members in the group see themselves superior and smarter than others. This is a unsafe attitude that may do clash within the group. Besides there is a opportunity where persons may believe that they would hold learnt better if they had worked separately on the subject. Researchs have demonstrated that group working is more efficient in doing better quality and speedy determinations when compared to single working ( Cooke A ; Kernaghan, 1987 ) . It is besides of import to promote members to discourse their strengths and failings at the first session itself so that they can be best utilised. Sharing of ideas by and large consequences in coherence within a group as people feel nearer to each other. Group members should be encouraged to develop and heighten their ability to LISTEN. Group works best when all members are ready to listen to each other with an unfastened head. Furthermore, in a campus environment where pupils come from different states and civilizations, something which is acceptable in one civilization might non be the same in another ( Axtell, 1991 ) . Therefore, regard for persons, their civilizations and values is indispensable to the success of any group. V ) Communication Timely communicating on all undertaking and single related affairs is paramount to the success of any group. Unable to run into at distinct clip or topographic point can take to perturbations in the smooth running of a group. Regular communicating should be maintained in the signifier of regular meetings to be held at a stipulated clip agreed amongst the group members. Here, persons can voice their findings on assorted subjects every bit good as flag their personal jobs if any. Other options such as electronic mails, telephones, confab suites, couriers, etc. may be used if in instance one-to-one treatments can non be planned at all. One of the members can be assigned to enter proceedingss of the meeting and can go around the meeting notes to everyone. This formalizes the procedure of communicating and makes certain that everyone in the group is on the same platform. Besides it is easier for the members to look back on the notes and see if they are on the mark and have achieved what w as decided as per agenda. VI ) TIME MANAGEMENT Inefficient clip direction besides causes a batch of jobs if things are non achieved as distinct. Therefore to avoid clip lags the best attack is to hold pre-agreed mileposts for the undertaking that can be converted into Gantt charts. It is a misconception that working in a group takes lesser clip. In fact, working in a group can be really clip devouring due to encephalon storming, developing understanding on a subject, collating information, alterations and proofreading, etc. Thus, group work should ne’er be considered as less work in lesser clip. It is besides of import to use meeting clip expeditiously to avoid slowdown subsequently on. To accomplish this, the docket of the following meeting can be decided in the current one itself ; all members should come prepared for the meeting ; go-between can direct a reminder through electronic mail or phone before for the approaching meeting ; go-between or chair individual should be rigorous about the timelines. Decision: MBA A ; BEYOND To sum up, prosecuting a Masters grade in Management for me is non merely a tool to accomplish position, richness and wealths but a ladder to understand and research assorted spheres of direction. The chief motive behind trailing this plan is to play with assorted direction patterns in order to understand the interplay of factors and to larn ways of using latest theories of direction to pattern. This will assist me in going an first-class director by steering my accomplishments to plan efficient and advanced concern solutions. Continuous chase for wisdom has made me look up to the cognition that I already had and has farther motivated me to hone my accomplishments. The Bangor Business School has provided me an first-class chance to carry through my dream by fall ining this class and deriving sufficient in footings of proficient accomplishments, interpersonal accomplishments and contacts. This concern school has non merely equipped me with a deep cognition of the class stuff but is determining me to be an effectual scholar and hearer. Assorted direction attacks and rules that I am larning in this class such as working in groups will fit me better to accommodate easy when I join the existent universe of concern. My love for direction patterns will do me take up challenges whole heartedly. APPLICATIONS OF THE CURRENT TOPIC This organic structure of work can be used by pupils to understand the importance and kineticss of working in groups. Furthermore, simple solutions proposed can be easy adopted and implemented by one and all to maximise end products when working in groups. How to cite Motivation Working In Groups Education Essay, Essay examples

BHP Company Structure-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Disucss about the BHP Company Structure. Answer: Introduction BHP Billiton is a dual-listed Anglo-Australian metal, mining and petroleum multinational company, whose headquarters are in Melbourne Australia. The company was founded in 1885 in a small town in Australia and in the year 2015, the company was ranged as the worlds largest mining company by market value (BHP, 2016). The company is listed as BHP Billiton Limitedin Australia and BHP Billiton plcin Britain. The two branches of the company are separately listed and publicly traded, although their operations are same and have a single management structure (BHP, 2016). The groups headquarter is Australia, and the focus of this paper will be the AustralianBHP Billiton Limited. The operations of BHP Billiton Limited range from mining, oil and gas exploration as well as mineral processing in over 25 countries. The operational units of the company include. Copper Potash Coal Petroleum And Iron Or This paper explores BHP company structure, its operational problems, and the most likely system acquisition method for the company, an overview of the company's sales procedures and examines possible frauds that are likely to happen in the company's sales procedures. Part two of this paper covers the development and adoption of an accounting software package for the company; it identifies the market leaders of accounting software packages and examines the current gaps and challenges encountered by users of accounting software and packages. Finally, the paper recommends the best approach to develop or adopt accounting software, as well as the most appropriate product currently in the market, that can fit the needs of the company. Current Organization Structure According to BHPs annual report (2016, p.5), the companys top tier leadership comprises the board of directors, with the chief executive officer being the secretary to the board. In a nutshell the management of the company can be classified into five levels; starting with the board of directors, the chief executive officer, group managers, the business-marketing-treasury and the Business risk and audit committees (RAC) (BHP, 2014). The Risk and Audit Committee is tasked with an oversight role; helping the management board to monitor the operations of the group and the actions and decisions of the chief executive officer with the aim of ensuring that progress is made towards the achievement of the corporate goals and objectives (BHP, 2016). Figure 2.0 BHPs Organizational Structure. Source (BHP, 2014). The current structure has placed the necessary safeguards to ensure that errors and inefficiencies do not occur in the organization. In particular, the inclusion of an audit and business risk committee that plays a critical supervisory role ensures that the management processes, budgeting, sales and marketing as well as compliance issues are handled appropriately (BHP, 2014). This committee is responsible for the oversight of risk management and reviews the internal controls and risk management systems. With all these checks and balances in place, its hard to identify obvious inefficiencies or errors that could arise as a result of the organizational structure. However, no system is completely fault proof and BHP Billiton is not an exception. The sheer size of the organization, and the numerous departments that are in operation would be very difficult to manage and account for, if a robust accounting information system is not in place. As such, there are possibilities of having human errors in consolidating financial data from all the levels of the organization. Most Likely system acquisition method The company - BHP Billiton- is involved in the mining, processing and sale of a wide range of products that includes minerals, metals and petroleum (BHP, 2016). For such an organization, Shaul and Tauber (2013) argues that the most appropriate and efficient system to be used would be an Enterprise resource planning (ERP). An ERP is a business process management system that enables business to use integrated software systems, in the management of business processes (Shaul and Tauber, 2013). ERP facilities the automation of numerous back-office functions related to service, human resources and technology (Shaul and Tauber, 2013). The software facilitates the integration of all facets of business operations, including; product planning, development phase, manufacturing, sales and marketing. All the operations are integrated into a single software application, storing data in single databases and accessed through a unified user interface. An organizations shared transactional data are co llected into a single database, from multiple sources, thus eliminating data redundancy while providing data integrity and a common user experience with a single source of truth (Shaul and Tauber, 2013, p. 3). The choice of this system acquisition method is motivated by the wide range of activities the company is involved in as well as the need to have a single central collection of data that would easily give a unified view of the organization. Implementation of an ERP by an organization like BHP Billiton would greatly ease the management and decision making, as reporting by various facets of the business are consolidated into a single system. With an ERP, a number of standalone databases are eliminated, thus bringing order and harmony as various system users are able to create, store, and use the same data derived through common processes. Implementation of an ERP also eases the process of securing data as it is easy to secure a single centralized data source, while ensuring that the data in the repository is complete, up to data and correct. This ensures data integrity for every task performed throughout the organization, from a quarterly financial statement to a single outstanding rece ivables report, without deploying error-prone spreadsheets (Shaul and Tauber, 2013). Sales procedures for BHP Billiton BHP Billiton has a number of sales procedures depending on the commodity to be sold. For precious metals, a simple auction process is used where the company assigns its Ekati diamonds to the highest bidders at competitive market prices. A second approach is the normal sales procedure where the company prices the commodity, based on prices on the international market especially iron and customers places orders for the commodities. The third approach applies to crude oil where the pricing is determined by the external entities and not an individual producer. In the competitive auction sales procedure, BHP Billiton floats the precious metals to be sold, particularly rough diamonds. Customers places bids for the commodity on sale, with the sale being issued to the highest bidder. Figure 2.0 Sales Procedure Control problems in the system and possible fraud A number of control problems can be highlighted from the system. Key among them is the lack of guiding principles that stipulate the minimum number of participants in such an auction. Since the company uses a traditional auctioneering method in the sales procedure, the approach is susceptible to fraud. Unlike the common internet auction fraud, which according the Chau and Faloutsos (2005) involves sellers selling non-existent items, the type of fraud likely to affect BHP Billiton is a pricing fraud. This is where if the auction is attended by a small number of customers, the group can easily conspire in bidding allowing one of them to purchase the commodity at a low price due to lack of engagement in the auction. Accounting software is defined as computer software used to record, process and keeping tracks of accounting transactions within specific functional modules accounts receivable, accounts payable, payroll, trial balance, etc. The software may be developed internally by the user organization or may be purchased from third party such as MYOB, Xero, QuickBooks, etc. Some organization combined third party application software with local modification of their needs. The decision to develop an in-house solution or adopt an existing solution is driven by the specific needs of an organization. As such, the first step is to assess the accounting needs of an organization as well as the available budget for such a project. Other factors to be considered includes cost, integration with other system, ease of use, connectivity to banks, security of data and customer support. The current market size for the accounting software packages is huge; driven by the adoption of IT in every facet of business. Technological innovations have also influenced how current accounting systems are developed or adopted. In particular, cloud computing has greatly affected how accounting packages are deployed. Major software providers have adopted the cloud model and are providing accounting software-as-a-service. These cloud-based systems now integrate a variety of the workflows within a business, rather than just the basic accounting function. The top market leaders in accounting software and packages, according to Smithink (2016) include Xero, FreshBooks, Sage, QuickBooks, Intacct and Oracle. A survey by consultancy firm Smithink showed that majority of small and medium businesses preffered Xero and MYOB cloud based accounting solutions. Cloud-based applications charge relatively little to upgrade, compared to in-house hardware, which could cost a fortune to increase infrastructure. For the organization under focus, two accounting software systems would be appropriate for the organization, namely Xero and Oracle NetSuite. Xero Xero is online based accounting software that facilitates automation of various accounting processes while providing a great degree of flexibility. The package has easy-to-use and sleek features, making it possible for non-technical users to easily use the system. Being a web-based system, multi-user logins are possible, enabling teams in different offices to work seamlessly. Besides the basic accounting features, the package also provides advance features that facilitate asset management and monitoring of asset depreciation. The basic features include Automated billing Online payment options Depreciation tracking Invoice creation Multi-currency support Credit card processing Credit card and banks syncing. Oracle NetSuite Oracle NetSuite provides a wide range of business process management including enterprise resource planning (ERP) and customer relationship management (CRM) functions. Being an ERP and CRM this package would the most appropriate for the organization under focus. The NetSuite Financials system can integrate with a companys back-office, sales and service processes. The software suite includes application for inventory management, financial reporting, supply chain management, financial accounting, payment management and business analytics. Like most other modern systems, NetSuite is accessible online by use of a Web browser and mobile devices. Challenges encountered by users of accounting software packages Users of desktop based accounting software have been found to experience five main challenges that include; Data management: one may lose financial data if something goes wrong. For example, if a system fails or is infected by a virus (Romney and Steinbart, 2012). Software updates: For desktop program, users have to make sure that it is up to date. This is done manually, which takes time (Romney and Steinbart, 2012). Data availability: a user can't access data or software anywhere, anytime for example at home or on vacations if using desktop software (Romney and Steinbart, 2012). Device Independence: Desktop accounting software is dependent on the device, operating system and other hardware configuration (Romney and Steinbart, 2012). Multi-user access: With desktop accounting software, an organization gets single-user access. It's somewhat expensive to get multi-user access with the software (Romney and Steinbart, 2012). With regards to cloud based solutions, users experience challenges relates to issues of data security. With the increasing incidences of hacking attacks, data security is paramount to most organization. With cloud based accounting software packages, a great concern in the minds of system users is whether the data would be absolutely secure in the cloud (Khalil, 2014). However, security of data in the cloud may sometimes be even greater than if an organization was hosting the systems locally. This is because cloud service providers are able to invest heavily in securing their infrastructure, more than many organizations could afford at a local level (Khalil, 2014). Considering the nature of operations of the organization, an ERP would be the best solution for the company. In particular, Oracle NetSuite comes out strongly as the most appropriate product to be adopted for this case. 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